![]() Engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, external rotation. Further descent of baby brings anterior shoulder of the fetus to the level of the symphysis pubis with delivery of the infant. The information gathered by clinical examination and ultrasound should be integrated into clinical decision making.Ĭardinal movements fetal attitude fetal descent fetal position mechanics of labor ultrasound.Ĭopyright © 2021 The Authors. Fetus resumes face-forward position with the occiput and spine lying in the same plane. Ultrasound offers a historically unique opportunity for noninvasive, dynamic studies of the mechanics of labor. ![]() We would argue that descent is the main purpose of the uterine powers and cardinal movements, a description of the rotational movements the fetal head and shoulders must perform to obtain descent. German and older English literature lists only 4 rotational movements as the cardinal movements and excludes engagement, descent, and expulsion. Anglo-American literature lists 7 cardinal movements, namely engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and expulsion. The fetus negotiates the birth canal and rotational movements are necessary for descent. Vaginal delivery is preferred considering the morbidity and the mortality associated with operative cesarean births has increased over time. ![]() Electronic address: mechanics of labor describe the forces required for fetal descent, and the movements that the fetus must perform to overcome the resistance met by the maternal bony pelvis and soft tissue. Vaginal delivery is safest for the fetus and the mother when the newborn is full-term at the gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Drs Kahrs and Eggebø) Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Drs Kahrs and Eggebø) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Dr Eggebø).
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